PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, INVESTIGATIONS, AND MANAGEMENT OF VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
OMAR ELSAKA *
Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP) , Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
MOSTAFA TAREK GHAZALI
Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP) , Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
ASHRAF HAMADA ABD AL-RAZIK
Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP) , Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
DALIA HISHAM
Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP) , Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
ABDULSALAM MAHMOUD ALGAMAL
Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP) , Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are still one of the most prevalent surgical indications in newborns and children with congenital heart disease. With advances in echocardiography, cardiac catheterization is no longer necessary in the treatment of these individuals. Although perioperative mortality and morbidity for isolated defects are still low, unique scenarios such as surgical care of numerous VSDs and decision-making in patients with pulmonary hypertension remain difficult. This chapter examines both classic and recent evidence that has shaped the management of this condition, as well as the facts underlying developing interventional methods utilized in both the catheterization lab and the operating room.
Conclusion: VSD is the most common congenital abnormality at birth. Small flaws should close on their own within the first year of life; however, larger faults can cause serious difficulties. The major interventions for big problems are surgical VSD closure and device closure.
Keywords: Ventricular septal defect, echocardiography, surgical closure, percutaneous treatment